Methodology

Flight data sourced from FlightRadar24 API (official paid tier). Passenger estimates based on aircraft type capacity × 0.83 load factor. Nationality distribution uses hub transit coefficients calibrated against Bali Disparda (official tourism authority) 2025 data via constrained least-squares optimization. Direct routes map 1:1 to origin country. Hub airports (DXB, SIN, KUL, BKK, DOH, HKG, IST) distribute passengers across nationalities using monthly coefficients. Mean Absolute Error ~7% for top 40 nationalities. Data updates daily at 02:00 UTC.

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